Phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs) provide fast visual recovery, excellent postoperative vision, and maintenance of accommodation, and are potentially reversible procedures due to the possibility of explanting these lenses. However, disabilities resulting from pIOLs are more severe than those resulting from corneal refractive surgeries. Potential complications are glaucoma, angle-closure, cataract formation, corneal decompensation, pupil ovalization, uveitis, and endophthalmitis. Although the complication rate is low in the latest pIOLs models, surgeons implanting the pIOLs in highly myopic patients should inform their patients regarding the possibility of disabling postoperative complications.

Pterygia and Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN) have worldwide distribution with wide variations, their prevalence being much greater around the Equatorial parallel; they share a main common cause which is Ultraviolet Radiation. As is to be expected, these two pathologies present simultaneously and unexpectedly on a same patient with a prevalence proportional to the prevalence of each one of them separately. This unexpected coincident presentation varies between 0% at Toronto (Canada) and 20% at Malawi (central Africa); their coincidence at Medellín (Colombia) is 14.9%. This coincidence is not associated to the size, aspect, or location of the lesion, nor the age, race or sex of the patient. Anterior segment Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM) may help establish such association preoperatively at those referral Centers where available. If not available, all pterygia should be surgically removed and sent for histopathological analysis.

Objective: To describe the main risk factors leading to corneal endothelial cell loss (ECL) during cataract surgery, and to provide an up-to-date overview on how to prevent them. Background: Cataract is the most common cause of reversible blindness worldwide. As such, cataract surgery is the most common ophthalmic procedure performed worldwide, and it is associated with a high success rate. Results: There are a myriad of preoperative (age, cataract density, anterior chamber depth) and operative (mechanical trauma, excessive ultrasound energy use, collision of nuclear fragments) risk factors associated with an increased corneal endothelial cell loss (ECL). The latter occurs in two phases. The first phase (or fast phase), results from the combination of corneal factors (preoperative endothelial cell counts) and the procedure itself. The second phase, results from the progressive and expected ECL that occurs with age, but it is considerably accelerated after an intraocular surgical procedure. An adequate preoperative planning aided by certain intraoperative maneuvers may reduce the risk of excessive ECL. Conclusion: Besides mastering the surgical technique, cataract surgeons must perform a thorough preoperative evaluation to identify patients at risk of developing corneal endothelial failure. Clinical Relevance: The relevance of knowing the risk factors associated with increased ECL during cataract surgery relies on preventing pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, one of the most common indications for corneal transplant.